Relationship between the headmaster and teachers

Relationship between the headmaster and teachers INTRODUCTION The relationship between the Head master and teachers in the school organization has always been the focus of much discussion. The discussion has centered on how the actions and behaviors of the Head master affect the work that teachers do and ultimately the students they instruct. Teachers willingness to persist in their efforts to tech difficult student, to try different strategies, even to participate in innovations has been related to their sense of efficacy (Hoy Woolfork, 1993). Ross (1995) in his research on teachers sense of efficacy demonstrated that teachers who believe they are effective set more challenging goals for themselves and their student, take responsibility for student outcomes, and persist longer when faced with obstacles in teaching students who are having difficulty. Researchers has supported the position that teachers efficacy significantly relates to student achievement (Nemman Rutter Smith, 1989) and teachers receptivity to change. In this work, Ross (199 5) suggests that efforts to improve student learning should include attention to teachers sense of efficacy. Leithwood (1992) provides support to the claim that principals demonstrate strategies and behaviors that can increase teachers efficacy. In his studies, he described Heads leadership behaviors as having a direct affect on innovation and change as well as teacher performance both in class and out of class. Leithwood (1994) defined behaviors such as models behavior, inspires group purpose, provides contingent reward, holds high performance expectations, and provides support as being important to teachers in the school organization. Blasà © and Blasà © (1989) found that Heads who gave constant and immediate feedback fostered among their teachers stronger feeling of efficacy. Teachers effectiveness may also be correlated to background variables such a gender, in-service training, years of experience, and educational level. (Ross, 1995). Edwards (1996) in her study indicated that females responded with stronger sense of efficacy with regard to problems in the classroom than males and that there is no correlation with educational level. Bibson and Brown (1982) found that experienced teachers (more than five years) have a strong sense of efficacy than beginning teachers. Other studies fail to substantiate the findings that years of experience relate to efficacy. There is limiting and conflicting evidence that background variables of gender, years of experience, in-service training and educational level may have moderating effects on teachers efficacy. If teacher efficacy affects teacher performance and student achievement, than it is worth looking at what background variables affect teacher efficacy in order to better understand what we can do in the school organization to make teachers feel more able to do their work. Statement of the problem In Pakistan, at the time of independence, the education system was largely comprised of private and local schools run by district councils and municipal governments. At that time these schools were much independent and much decisions of the school matter were taken by the head and teachers of the schools. It was a system in which the central and provincial ministries of education played only a limited role in the operation of schools (Ahmad and Mirza, 1975). This trend continued till the year 1972. That year marked the nationalization of all private schools with the implementation of Martial law regulation 118 (Government of Punjab, 1982). Under its provisions, the rights, properties and assets of private colleges and schools were taken over by the central and provincial governments without compensation to the owners. The salary scale and conditions of employment for teacher previously in private institutions were brought to par with those in government schools. This situation was a great dismal for the democratic and decentralized school system in Pakistan. Not only Head teachers but teachers also were affected in terms of decision making and authority. The head masters and principals of the schools came under the direct control of ministries of education. Top level officers started to decide the matters related to the admissions, curricula and teacher affairs instead of teachers of the school or the head masters of the school. Due to this centralized situation Head teachers also became rigid and undemocratic which resulted ineffective teachers. Research has supported that teacher is the main actor in the education of a child, therefore he must be well equipped with necessary tools of teaching e.g certification status, experience and necessary teacher training (demographic characteristics), moreover with these things he must be satisfy with his profession, knowledge and skills (Hipp, 1995), This study will examine how the leadership behaviors of Head masters as perceived by teachers at the secondary school level correlate with their efficacy in the Schools of Hyderabad Division. Also, the extent to which this relationship is moderated by the select teacher background variables of gender, years of experience, and educational level will be studied. Research questions In order to guide this study following research questions are developed for investigation in this study: What is the relationship between teachers sense of efficacy, both general and personal, and teachers perceptions of their principals leadership behaviors? Does the level of teachers sense of efficacy, both general and personal, differ with respect to the select background variables of gender, years of teaching experience, and educational level? How do principals foster teachers efficacy in their schools? The significance of Study: The purpose of this study is to better understand how Headmaster affects a teachers sense of efficacy. The decisions a Head makes, activities, and behaviors that describe what he does on a day to day basis will be explored in this study, and an attempt will be made to relate these behaviors with teachers efficacy. This study also examined how background variables of teacher affect their sense of efficacy. The select teacher background variables described in this study are gender, years of teaching experience, in-service training and educational level. . Limitations of the study This study is limited to teachers and principals employed in secondary schools located in Hyderabad Division Therefore, the generalization of the results of this study is limited to Districts with similar socioeconomic characteristics. The credibility and dependability of the data in the qualitative part of the study will be established through taped interviews. Insuring confidentiality of all teachers who will respond to both surveys and the interviews, every effort will be made to have the interviews remain confidential Definitions Leadership behaviors: The principal leadership behaviors used in this study are: fostering vision and goals; holding high expectations; providing intellectual stimulation; providing individualized support, developing collaborative decision-making structure and symbolizing good professional practice. Self efficacy: Self efficacy is a construct originated by Albert Bandura to describe an individuals belief in his or her own capabilities. Teaching efficacy: Teaching efficacy refers to a belief in the power of teaching. Personal efficacy: Personal efficacy refers to ones perceived ability to influence classroom events. Methodology The major focus of this study will be to examine how teachers efficacy is affected by their principals leadership behaviors in 20 Secondary schools of Hyderabad Division. It will also be examined that how variables among teachers such as gender, years of experience, and educational level affect teachers efficacy. The study will be conducted in two phases and will combine both quantitative and qualitative methods of investigation in secondary schools of Hyderabad Division.(With the implementation of Devolution Plan of present Government, the boundaries of Hyderabad Division are changed. As the topic was approved for Hyderabad Division, therefore the same geographical areas are included in this study which were previously included in Hyderabad Division). Population of the study Population of this study is all the secondary school teachers of four districts which were previously included in Hyderabad division i.e. Hyderabad district, Dadu district, Badin district and Thatta district. Sample of the study A sample of ninety five teachers and twenty five Head masters will be drawn for this study from the population of all the twenty schools of four districts. The random sampling will be stratified by dividing the schools in clusters of male and female. Methods and procedures The study will be conducted in two phases. In phase one quantitative data will be collected to address the first two research questions. The instruments will be developed by the researcher according to the local conditions. In the preparation of instruments a number of formats are considered to be evaluated particularly the pattern of Teacher Efficacy Scale (TES) by Gibson and Dembo (1948). The data, using instrument will be used to make the quantitative analyses in order to determine the relationships between teachers perceptions of leadership behaviors and teacher efficacy, both general and personal. Data from background information that the teachers completed and the Teacher Efficacy Scale will be analyzed in order to determine the relationship between teacher efficacy and the selected back ground variables of gender, years of teaching experience, and educational level. In addition to check teachers efficacy, student performance of the teacher will also be measured. In phase two a qualitative follow-up study will be conducted to address the research question-How Head masters at the secondary school level can foster teachers sense of efficacy in their schools? In order to address this question, the five schools with the highest aggregated efficacy scores will be selected. At least three teachers will be interviewed at each school. They will be randomly selected from those teachers who will indicate that they are willing to participate in the follow-up study. The questions that will be asked will be designed to give more in-depth information on how Head of schools foster teachers sense of efficacy.

Efeectiveness of Loyalty Programs in Big Bazaar

| 2011| | MARKETING OF SERVICES TERM PAPER PRADEEP KUMAR. N(M100002MS) | [EFFECTIVENESS OF LOYALTY PROGRAMS IN BIG BAZAAR]| | Contents page no 1. About the company 03 2. Significant features of big bazaar 04 3. Promotion techniques 04 4. Sales Promotion techniques 05 5. Loyalty programs 06 6. Customer experience 08 7. Research objective 09 8. Research methodology 09 9. Hypothesis and testing 10 10. Sampling plan 10 11. Findings 11 12. Conclusion 12 ABOUT THE COMPANY Big Bazaar is a chain of hypermarket in India. Currently, there are 210 stores across 80 cities and towns in India. Big Bazaar is designed as an agglomeration of bazaars or Indian markets with clusters offering a wide range of merchandise including fashion and apparels, food products, general merchandise, furniture, electronics, books, fast food and leisure and entertainment sections. Big Bazaar is part of Future Group, which also owns the Central Hypermarket, and is owned through a wholly owned subsidiary of Pantaloon Retail India Limited that is listed on Indian stock exchanges. Pantaloon Retail (India) Limited, is India’s leading retailer that operates multiple retail formats in both the value and lifestyle segment of the Indian consumer market. Headquartered in Mumbai (Bombay), the company operates over 10 million square feet of retail space, has over 1000 stores across 61 cities in India and employs over 30,000 people. The company’s leading formats include Pantaloons, a chain of fashion outlets, Big Bazaar, a uniquely Indian hypermarket chain, Food Bazaar, a supermarket chain, blends the look, touch and feel of Indian bazaars with aspects of modern retail like choice, convenience and quality and Central, a chain of seamless destination malls. Some of its other formats include, Depot,Shoe Factory, Brand Factory, Blue Sky, Fashion Station, aLL, Top 10, mBazaar and Star and Sitara. The company also operates an online portal, futurebazaar. com. A subsidiary company, Home Solutions Retail (India) Limited, operates Home Town, a large-format home solutions store, Collection i, selling home furniture products and E-Zone focused on catering to the consumer electronics segment. Pantaloon Retail was recently awarded the International Retailer of the Year by the US based National Retail Federation (NRF) and the Emerging Market Retailer of the Year 2007 at the World Retail Congress held in Barcelona. Pantaloon Retail is the flagship company of Future Group, a business group catering to the entire Indian consumption space. Pantaloon is not just an organization – it is an institution, a centre of learning & development. Over the years, the company has accelerated growth through its ability to lead change. A number of its pioneering concepts have now emerged as industry standards. For instance, the company integrated backwards into garment manufacturing even as it expanded its retail presence at the front end, well before any other Indian retail company attempted this. It was the first to introduce the concept of the retail departmental store for the entire family through Pantaloons in 1997. The company was the first to launch a hypermarket in India with Big Bazaar, a large discount store that it commissioned in Kolkata in October 2001. And the company introduced the country to the Food Bazaar, a unique ‘bazaar' within a hypermarket, which was launched in July 2002 in Mumbai. Embracing our leadership value, the company launched aLL in July 2005 in Mumbai, making us the first retailer in India to open a fashion store for plus size men and women. STRIKING FEATURES OF BIG BAZAAR * Food bazaar. Electronic bazaar. * Furniture bazaar. * FutureBazaar. com * Amusement zone. * Telecalling services PROMOTION TECHNIQUES * Big Bazaar – Isse sasta aur accha kahin nahi :- Big Bazaar has adopted value pricing in which they win loyal customers by charging a fairly low price for a high – quality offering. * Wednesday Bazaar – Hafte ka sabse sasta din :- In January 2007, Big Bazaar introduced a Wednesday Bazaar concept called â€Å"Hafte Ka Sabse Sasta Din† with the aim to give homemakers the power to save the most on this day of the week. Sabse Saste Teen Din (Big days) :- In 2006 they started a new shopping festival, i. e. Sabse Saste Teen Din on 24, 25 and 26th of January. Big bazaar throwed up to 65% of on each & every products in the store for three days. * Big Bazaar announced The Great Exchange Offer with a â€Å"Bring anything old and take anything new† concept which started from the 16th of Feb 2008 at the Landmark store. SALES PROMOTION TECHNIQUES The various promotional schemes undertaken by big bazaar are as follows: * The punch line of Big Bazaar says â€Å"IS SE SASTA AUR ACCHA KAHI NAHI†. This line gives the feeling that Big Bazaar gives merchandise which is cheapest in the market or in other words the value for money which a customer will be getting here will be more than anywhere else. * Wednesday is the cheapest day. This is done to divert some of the crowd coming on weekends to a relatively free day. Big bazaar advertises Wednesdays as the cheapest day in all the leading dailies across the capital. This offer targets housewives and encourages them to purchase groceries and vegetables because no one purchases vegetables on a weekly basis, they purchase it at least two times a week. * Big Bazaar has announced a unique exchange offer `Bring anything old and take anything new’. Under the exchange offer, old garments, utensils, furniture, plastic ware, newspapers or just about anything will be weighed and valued and customers will be given exchange coupons. There is also a direct exchange on mobile and electronic goods during the period with attractive discounts on new purchases. * Big Bazaar’s `The Great Exchange Offer’ has mobilized more than two lakh families to actually carry the junk of the house and offload it at the nearest Big Bazaar. Retail analysts say that generally February and March are dull months for consumer buying in the country and therefore this kind of a promotion campaign is needed to boost sales during the period. PANTALOON group’s hypermarkett chain, Big Bazaar, celebrated Republic Day as the Maha Savings Day, when shoppers at Big Bazaar and Food Bazaar outlets across the country, were offered merchandise at rock bottom prices. * The Maha Savings Day saw shoppers got deals they have never seen or heard before. The offers spread across categories from electronics to utensils, from apparel to furniture and also food. For example pressure cooker for Rs 299, two Ruf n Tuf Jeans for Rs 499, and a M otorola C115 for Rs 1,399. Big Bazaar usually runs a full page advertisement on Saturdays and Sundays in all the leading dailies communicating various offers. This is done to attract crowds on weekends because most of the people usually shop during weekends. * Pantaloons retail India limited provides Green card, this Green Card is passport to a whole new world of exclusive benefits and privileges. These includes: * Instant discounts for every time you shop at Pantaloons. * Exclusive shopping days to get hold of latest merchandise. Regular updates on collections and promos via catalogues, sms and email. * Special invites to the most happening events. * Extended exchange periods and complimentary drops for alterations. * Exclusive billing counters and much more. * Big bazaar in association with ICICI banks has launched loyalty cards for the customers. They are: * ICICI Bank Big Bazaar Silver Credit Card : It gives you the benefits of regular cards and additional features to make your shopping not only enjoyable but also a way to save more with Big Bazaar. ICICI Bank Big Bazaar Gold Credit Card :The card brings to you more reasons to save and earn rewards on its usage. It gives you all the benefits of regular cards and additional features to make your shopping not only enjoyable but also a way to save more with Big Bazaar. * Shakti Card Shakti is a credit card for housewives. You need not submit income proof. Simply show your Big Bazaar bill of more than Rs. 500 and a lifestyle proof like club membership card, health club card etc. And get your ‘Shakti’. You can use Shakti at all the Big Bazaar and Food Bazaar outlets * T24 In June 2010, Future Group in partnership with TTSL rolled out a mobile service called T24 for its customers. As part of the offer, customers were rewarded with free talk time for every purchase above Rs. 500 made at Future Group shopping outlets across all formats and locations. LOYALTY PROGRAMS * Big bazaar in association with ICICI banks has launched loyalty cards for the customers. They are: * ICICI Bank Big Bazaar Silver Credit Card : It gives you the benefits of regular cards and additional features to make your shopping not only enjoyable but also a way to save more with Big Bazaar. * ICICI Bank Big Bazaar Gold Credit Card :The card brings to you more reasons to save and earn rewards on its usage. It gives you all the benefits of regular cards and additional features to make your shopping not only enjoyable but also a way to save more with Big Bazaar. * Shakti Card Shakti is a credit card for housewives. You need not submit income proof. Simply show your Big Bazaar bill of more than Rs. 500 and a lifestyle proof like club membership card, health club card etc. And get your ‘Shakti’. You can use Shakti at all the Big Bazaar and Food Bazaar outlets * T24 In June 2010, Future Group in partnership with TTSL rolled out a mobile service called T24 for its customers. As part of the offer, customers were rewarded with free talk time for every purchase above Rs. 500 made at Future Group shopping outlets across all formats and locations. CUSTOMERS EXPERIENCE The customer experience among the big bazaar customers is comprised of the following Components: POPULATING THE CUSTOMER PROFILE: To create the Ideal Customer Experience, Big Bazaar populates the Customer Profile with the relevant information . the customers who are having very similar buying patterns in the big bazaar are populated and an analysis is done so as to find the preferences of the products of these groups, including various promotion strategies and offers. DELIVERING AND RECEIVING VALUE AT EACH CUSTOMER INTERACTION: Big Bazaar views each interaction as a golden opportunity to deliver value through its products, services, and processes, as well as to receive valuable information from the Customer in the form of feedback. CUSTOMIZING THE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE: By understanding an individual’s needs, it creates the Ideal Customer Experience by Customizing the products, services, and processes to meet the Needs of the individual customer RESEARCH OBJECTIVE * The objective of the research is to find the effectiveness of loyalty programs in BIG BAZAAR ,i. e whether loyalty programs attract customer attention or not in todays competetive scenario . * To find out the increase in customer loyalty by measuring various factors. * To find out customer’s reactions to various loyalty programs and change in their purchase decision due to these programs. To analyze customer’s expectations from retail format like convenience store in terms of offering of loyalty programs. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research problems:- consumer’s reactions and expectation from loyalty programs of convenience store format, Big Bazaar. †¢ Research methodology: Exploratory method †¢ Descriptive research: is a type of research conducted when we have to find out the frequency with which Something occurs. This research is guided by initial hypothesis. HYPOTHESIS AND TESTING Hypothesis testing for this report has evolved around formulating a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis as regards to the percentage of population availing the loyalty programs H(o) Null Hypothesis :Mostly 70% of the population would be Availing the loyalty programs carried out by Big bazaar. H(T) Alternative Hypothesis:- Less than 70% of the population Would be availing the loyalty programs carried out by Big Bazaar. At 5% level of significance I tested the above mentioned hypothesis as per the results obtained. The Chi-Square test has been taken up as the selection criteria for the above mentioned data. The Chi-Square test which shows the magnitude of discrepancy between observed and expected frequency can be expressed symbolically as X2= Summation of (O-E)2 E Where, O= Observed set of frequencies E= Expected set of frequencies SAMPLING PLAN I selected a sample size of 51 ,I gave a questionnaire and interviewed the samples in the OLD MADRAS BIG BAZAAR in BANGALORE Questionnaire Sample Methods| Random Simple Sampling| Sample size| 51| Primary data| Questionnaire| Interview Sample Units| sampling unit is Noida area. | Source of data| through primary sources| Market survey & area| | Sampling size| 51| FINDINGS * Big Bazaar has been preferred by most of the Households frequently and they use to purchase daily Requirement material from there. While still 15% of People don’t prefer to buy daily requirement items from Organized formats. The data predicts that customers at nearby locations of Big Bazaar prefer to go to there often but it is not a destination for customers every time. * 35% go there oftenly * 30% go there occasionally * 15% go everytime * 20% people go there sometimes * The ratio of customers using loyalty programs floats between 60%-62%. Educated people are giving more Attention to the loyalty card due to the awareness of its future benefits monetarily as well as in getting right information of the production. Most of the custo mers feel satisfied from the loyalty program offerings of Big Bazaar so it has been successful in fulfilling customer’s expectations. While 25% of customers still want to get some more benefits in return of their loyalty to the store. * Customers feel 55% motivated to shop from Big Bazaar due to their loyalty programs. Conclusion In my calculations: The calculated value of is more than the table value. So, the hypothesis is REJECTED i. e. less than 70% of the population is only availing the loyalty program carried out by Big Bazaar. There are maximum customers who are satisfied with the merchandising of the store and they find every product of brand in each category and shelf according to their choices. They are having some complains regarding the future cards. * Customers wait for discount loyalties provided by them but not too much. * Customers are not aware of the benefits of the card. * Many of the customers are not even using any of the loyalty Program. * Store has been a big flop at online shopping centre as people want to touch and select their items before purchase

Geography of El Salvador

El Salvador is a country located in Central America between Guatemala and Honduras. Its capital and largest city is San Salvador and the country is known as being the smallest but most densely populated country in Central America. The population density of El Salvador is 747 people per square mile or 288.5 people per square kilometer. Fast Facts: El Salvador Official Name: Republic of El SalvadorCapital: San SalvadorPopulation: 6,187,271  (2018)Official Language: SpanishCurrency: US dollar (USD)Form of Government: Presidential republicClimate: Tropical on coast; temperate in uplandsTotal Area: 8,124 square miles (21,041 square kilometers)Highest Point: Cerro El Pital at 8,957 feet (2,730 meters)Lowest Point: Pacific Ocean at 0 feet (0 meters) History of El Salvador It is believed that the Pipil Indians were the first people to inhabit what is present-day El Salvador. These people were descendants of the Aztec, Pocomames,  and Lencas. The first Europeans to visit El Salvador were the Spanish. On May 31, 1522, the Spanish Admiral Andres Nino and his expedition landed on Meanguera Island, a territory of El Salvador located in the Gulf of Fonseca. Two years later in 1524, Spains Captain Pedro de Alvarado started a war to conquer Cuscatlà ¡n and in 1525 he conquered El Salvador and formed the village of San Salvador. Following its conquer by Spain, El Salvador grew considerably. By 1810, however, the citizens of El Salvador began to push for independence. On September 15, 1821, El Salvador and the other Spanish provinces in Central America declared their independence from Spain. In 1822, many of these provinces joined with Mexico and although El Salvador initially pushed for independence among Central Americas countries it joined the United Provinces of Central America in 1823. In 1840,  however, the United Provinces of Central America dissolved and El Salvador became fully independent. After becoming independent, El Salvador was plagued by political and social unrest as well as many frequent revolutions. In 1900, some peace and stability was achieved and lasted until 1930. Beginning in 1931, El Salvador became ruled by a number of different military dictatorships which lasted until 1979. During the 1970s, the country was marred by severe political, social and economic problems. As a result of its many problems, a coup dà ©tat or government overthrow occurred in October 1979 and a civil war followed from 1980 to 1992. In January 1992 a series of peace agreements ended the war that killed more than 75,000 people. Government of El Salvador Today, El Salvador is considered a republic and its capital city is San Salvador. The executive branch of the countrys government consists of a chief of state and a head of government, both of whom are the countrys president. El Salvadors legislative branch is made up of a unicameral Legislative Assembly, while its judicial branch consists of a Supreme Court. El Salvador is divided into 14 departments for local administration. Economics and Land Use in El Salvador El Salvador currently has one of the largest economies in Central America and in 2001 it adopted the United States dollar as its official national currency. The main industries in the country are food processing, beverage manufacturing, petroleum, chemicals, fertilizer, textiles, furniture, and light metals. Agriculture also plays a role in the economy of El Salvador and the main products of that industry are coffee, sugar, corn, rice, beans, oilseed, cotton, sorghum, beef, and dairy products. Geography and Climate of El Salvador With an area of just 8,124 square miles (21,041 sq km), El Salvador is the smallest country in Central America. It has 191 miles (307 km) of coastline along the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Fonseca and it is situated between Honduras and Guatemala. The topography of El Salvador consists mainly of mountains, but the country does have a narrow, relatively flat coastal belt and a central plateau. The highest point in El Salvador is Cerro el Pital at 8,956 feet (2,730 m), located in the northern part of the country on the border with Honduras. Because El Salvador is located not far from the equator, its climate is tropical in nearly all areas except for its higher elevations where the climate is considered more temperate. The country also has a rainy season that lasts from May to October and a dry season that lasts from November to April. San Salvador, which is located in central El Salvador at an elevation of 1,837 feet (560 m), has an average yearly temperature of 86.2 degrees (30.1Ë Å¡C).

Penal policy Free Essay Example, 3000 words

If not in a private prison, the inmates are incarcerated in the more orthodox government managed prisons. A United Kingdom chief inspector has once cleared that a private prison is not owned by the private sector, rather, it is a prison run on contract by a private company. Whether the private company manages a state-owned prison or also owns the physical structure itself, the observation above still remains true. The definitions above give two important points, one, the authority to hold and deal with prisoners comes from public law and not private arrangement. In addition to that, private prisons are considered to be an important part of the jurisdiction’s prison system. The first point is important to be emphasized so that one can be able to compare and contrast contemporary privatization with the statutorily unregulated deals which are related to leasing of convict labor that first came up in the United States in the early part of the 19th century (Smith 1993, p. 67). The next point that needs to be given attention is the fact that the state, when outsourcing or delegating service delivery, has not in theory gave up any component of its responsibility for system objectives, standards, legality, or equity. We will write a custom essay sample on Penal policy or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The notion of purchase-provider relationship in the jargon of organizational theory is also imposed and that the public sector agency purchasing services and the private sector that provides for them. This term however has the tendency to be difficult to understand since the state as a purchaser cannot and does by choosing to discharge this role in that way, avoid ultimate political, moral, and legal responsibility for what the provider does (Lipton, 1997, p. 68). The prisoners remain prisoners of the state. One urgent issue is whether the model in reality works that way, whether the accountability devices and regulatory structures are appropriately planned and efficiently applied. Can one say with confidence that the state remains vigorously and effectively involved as regulator, that the private prisons can keep on to be part of the active responsibility of the state apparatus, that the companies are fully accountable? There is a perspective that, however well synchronized, accountable, and successful, the particular regime turns out to be even if its results are better for prisoners and its standards more reasonable and its processes more transparent, prison privatization is nevertheless still intolerable. This is the primary moral criticism that imprisonment is an inherent state function that by definition cannot legally be delegated in any of its aspects to a non-state agency without undermining the very notion of the state and its respo nsibility to and for its citizens (Logan 1997, p.

Should The Minimum Drinking Age Be Lowered - 1138 Words

Alcohol is consumed by people for many different reason such as celebrations, peer pressure, anxiety, boredom, sadness, insomnia, and rebellion. These are just a few reason why people may consume alcohol. The category of people also includes teenagers. Many on-going debates have flagged this question whether drinking should be lowered to eighteen or not? Citizens have gave details regarding the affirmative and negative views of the minimum drinking age be lowered to eighteen. Do you think that it is wise to lower the minimum age? Would you look at the negative and positive impacts? Is it more important to give our citizens these full rights? Currently, in the United States the legal drinking age is twenty-one. But as we all know many teenages are involved in underage drinking. But the main question is why? Why do these teenagers drink illegally? The government provides citizens with full rights at the age of drinking. These citizens are allowed to legally purchase cigarettes, vote, join the military, and decide whether or not to complete school. But why is it that alcohol consumption is considered illegal until the age of twenty-one? The powers that control our government decided that when one becomes twenty-one. In this essay, I will first give the affirmative perspective on why the minimum drinking age should be lowered. Then I will talk about the consequences society may face when lowering the minimum drinking age. Lastly, I will provide my perspective and insight.Show MoreRelatedShould the Minimum Drinking Age Be Lowered1128 Words   |  5 PagesTayrin O’Rand 14 March 2012 Should the Minimum Drinking Age be Lowered? The minimum drinking age became a hot topic ever since it was set to twenty one years old. It is a law not everyone welcomes with open arms, one that has the most impact in the lives of adolescents and if violated, one that can put a state at risk of forfeiting ten percent of its annual federal highway appropriation. John M. McCardell Jr., president of Middlebury College; founder and president of Choose Responsibility,Read MoreMinimum Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered733 Words   |  3 PagesMinimum Legal Drinking Age Should be Lowered â€Å"Adults under 21 are deemed capable of voting, signing contracts, serving on juries and enlisting in the military, but are told they are not mature enough to have a beer.† (Amethyst Initiative: Rethink the Drinking Age). The causes behind the minimum legal drinking age standardization nationally has not been alleviated in the past couple decades and should be repealed. The minimum legal drinking age should be lowered to the age of eighteen whichRead MoreMinimum Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1253 Words   |  6 Pages Minimum Legal Drinking Age Should the drinking age be lowered from 21 to a younger age? Ever since the end of prohibition in 1933 the United States government has placed the issue of minimum legal drinking age sensitively in the hands of the states, letting each decide for itself what the minimum age should be. At that time all agreed that the minimum legal drinking age should be 21, where it remained for all statesRead MoreControversial Analysis: Drinking Age1278 Words   |  6 PagesCarolina Quiroga April 02, 2012 Leslie Jones English 102 The Drinking Age and Young Adults. Because underage drinking is a major problem for young adults, the drinking age has become a very controversial issue. In the 1990s, the drinking age was 18, but it was changed to 21 in 1984. The Federal Government informed states to choose between raising the drinking age to 21 or foregoing highway funding. This decision obviously affected 18 to 20 year olds who could no longer buy alcoholic beveragesRead MoreThe Minimum Drinking Age Act1700 Words   |  7 Pagesthe National Minimum Drinking Age Act made all 50 states raise the legal drinking age to 21(Dejong). The debate is on whether the age should be lowered or not. Statistically, having the age at 21 has been very helpful in keeping the nation safe. If there is not an issue with age now, would it make sense to lower the age and create unnecessary problems? In this case, the negative effects outweigh the positive. Simply because there is no good in lowering the age. The legal drinking age has been setRead MoreMinimum Legal Dri nking Age ( Tietjen )1700 Words   |  7 PagesMinimum Legal Drinking Age On July 17 of 1984 President Ronald Reagan signed to make the National Minimum Drinking Age Act a law. This law required all states to have a minimum drinking age of 21, if a state did not comply with this law they could face up to a 10% cut in funding for their federal highways (Tietjen). Since this act became a law there has been two distinct sides arguing whether they agree with the minimum drinking age, or whether they disagree. One side believes having a minimum drinkingRead MoreLowering The Minimum Drinking Age1380 Words   |  6 PagesOnce a person reaches the age of 18, they are allowed to tattoo their bodies, smoke tobacco, gamble and even enlist if they wanted to! As an adult, they want to be treated as one but how can they feel like an adult if hanging around with their friends and drinking beer while watching TV is illegal? Of course, that does not stop them, though. The United States is one of the few countries in which still have such a high minimum drinking age. Altho ugh most people think young adults (18-year olds) areRead MoreThe Problems of Underage Drinking Essay526 Words   |  3 Pagescontroversy of underage drinking has been a serious and difficult issue for many colleges, communities, and parents over the past several years. Fifty states in the U.S have already set their minimum alcohol drinking and purchasing age to twenty one. Yet many people, especially teenagers, oppose this legal drinking age and want it to be lowered. Nevertheless, the legal drinking age should not be lowered from twenty one to eighteen because of three main reasons. The higher minimum drinking age can help reduceRead More The Drinking Age Should NOT Be Lowered Essay1006 Words   |  5 Pagesto lowering the minimum legal drinking age. Choose Responsibility, a group founded by John McCardell, proposes that upon completion of a 40 hour course to educate young people about alcohol, 18, 19, and 20 year old people should be licensed to drink. The Amethyst Initiative, part of Choose Responsibility, is a petition to Congress to rethink the minimum legal drinking age. Several college leaders have signed this petition in the belief that lowering the minimum legal drinking age will reduce bingeRead MoreAccording To â€Å"College Drinking,† Almost Two Out Of Three1388 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to â€Å"College Drinking,† almost two out of three college students engage in binge drinking. Binge drinking is a pattern of drinking that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels to 0.08 g/dL or higher (â€Å"College Drinking†). Many parents, guardians, and psychologists believe that college students binge drink because they think drinking is an integral part of their higher education. Similar to peer pressure, college students drink because the rest of the student body drinks. Furthermore

Globalization Indigenous Peoples and World Free Essays

Globalization is the process in which the world becomes connected through communication, trade, and migration. Globalization can transform cultures and the identity of people within those cultures. One of the primary factors that leads to globalization in the advancement of technology In 1980 Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization: Indigenous Peoples and World or any similar topic only for you Order Now Knauft began to study an indigenous group of people deep in the forests of Papua New Guinea. This group of people had no contact with the outside world until the 1960’s, they were cut off from everything. They had a language and a name that was unknown to Anthropologists at the time. They were virtually invisible to the outside world. When Dr. Knauft arrived he met the Gebusi people, and began his study. He watched as they preformed ritual dances and wore traditional costumes. The Gebusi people lived their lives according to tradition and beliefs and were not affected by the outside world. The truth is no one can hide from globalization, not even the secluded Gebusi people. With in a matter of only 18 years they were transformed, most of them willingly converted to Christian beliefs, and they became focused on politics, economics, religion and nationalism. They were caught up to speed with the rest of the world due to globalization. The culture of the Gebusi people and their identity was drastically changed due to globalization. They were now on the same page as the rest of the world, and were now connected with the outside world. Trade organized groups such as NAFTA and the WTO make globalization easier to obtain for the smaller â€Å"developing† countries. For the countries that are a part of these groups goods, and ideas are much easier to share. With groups such as these and other factors globalization is inevitable so there is no sense in fighting it. If it were embraced rather then rejected everyone would be much better off. I understand that it can interfere with older cultures and traditions of developing countries, but it’s eat or be eaten in today’s world and you need to do what you need to do in order to compete with other countries and to survive within your own. Globalization exposes who ever it effects to a variety of new and different opportunities that must be taken in order for that group to survive. It can be compared to having to evolve, or becoming extinct. A lot of people see globalization as a bad thing, but its essential for survival in today’s world, and with out it we would be totally secluded from the rest of the world and that would just make everything extremely hard. It also helps keep the world balanced with power. Without globalization one country, or one group of people could easily be way ahead of others, and that could lead to wars and many other conflicts. The positives of globalization strongly out weigh the negatives and I’m not sure why anybody would be against it. How to cite Globalization: Indigenous Peoples and World, Essay examples

FinTech Innovations Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Financial technology Innovations. Answer: Introduction Financial technology also known as FinTech, is composed of the new technologies which are seen to be related to the use of technology with the available amount of the resources in order to deliver the required financial service. It has been seen to be different from the traditional practices of implementing technology in finance. The main areas of the implementation of the Fintech have been seen with the automation and trading risk (Finkle 2016). The various types of the services are seen to be originating from the independent service providers such as insurer and licensed bank. The various types of the interconnection have been further seen to enable the API and several innovations in terms of the Payment services directives. It has been predominantly observed that with the advent of the companies such as Paypal, Adyen, Robinhood, Kickstarter, GoFundMe and Envestnet, FinTech is already seen to be challenging the traditional financial institutions. It has been further seen that the t otal budget of the FinTech companies has exceeded USD 19 Billion in 2015. The main purpose of this report is to discuss the impact of the recent boom in the FinTech innovations in the market operators and exchange. The various discussions of the report will be able to support the growing trend of the FinTech in the industries. (Lee and Teo 2015). FinTech for Market Operators and Exchange FinTech companies that are leading in particular sector along with their challenges Some of the main form of the FinTech companies has been further seen in terms of Stripe, YapStone, Braintree, Adyen, Lending Club, Addepar, Commonbond and Kabbage. Some of the main aspect of the challenges faced by the companies has been further seen to be based on the engineering problems. One of the primary challenges faced by the Fintech companies has been seen in terms of the redesigning online payments (and the associated tooling). Some of the main form of the challenges has been further identified in term of the various types of the perpetrators who are seen to be supporting the products. In various cases the main challenge has been seen to take place in terms of the attesting and writing the code. In several instances it has been seen that the codes are not free from errors. During the processing of the payments it has been seen load on the system has been seen to be much lower in compare to the companies with equivalent scale. One of the other primary problems has been furthe r seen in terms of the availability and consistency of the information required to process the relevant data. The risk of the security aspect of dealing with the information has been further seen to be considerably high. In several cases the system are seen to be prone to targeted by the attackers such as fraudsters. The company has been further seen to take into account the various types of the tools has been further seen to facing problems which are seen to be associated to the reduce the productivity of the developer. In several cases the associated challenges are seen to be raised due to the increased cost of implementation of the technological aspects. In several cases ingesting and digesting is seen to be difficult challenge. Several systems are being worked upon for tailing production data into HDFS, where it can be queried via Impala or processed. Challenges faced by the industry and regulators in the sector to cater for these change Some of the main challenges of adapting to the FinTech have been seen to be evident in form of changes in the investments shake ups, regulation and the technology woes. Despite of Fintech being an effective tool, however the industry tends to get negatively affected by the amount of investment needed in this sector. The main form of the regulation has been further seen to be controlled based on the prevailing regulation. The technology woes has been identified in form of the adapting to the automated system, which is seen to be be not only a challenge in terms of the cost by also adequate manpower in handling the system effectively. The influence of this technology in Malaysia is also evident with the central bank of the country (Philippon 2016). The main regulatory framework for the adoption of this technology in the Bank Negara has been identified with the application and the operation of with Financial Technology Regulatory Sandbox Framework. Some of the major challenges identified by Bernama have been recognized with increased risks for stability, integrity and market conduct. In general, banks and financial institutions have been traditionally recognized for being at the centre of the broader range of using the financial data. The changing environmental explosion of the data has been seen to capture the various aspects of the financial report which are seen to be associated to the necessary trends of capturing the market elements such as lending, financial planning and investments. It has been commonly seen that in terms of the market operators and the exchange functions have been seen to play a major role in reacting to the challenges related to the application of this technology in complex situations. However, it needs to be also noted that the financial institutions and the banks has been seen to actively partner with the market operators such as PayPal, Bitcoin, Adyen, Robinhood, Kickstarter, GoFundMe and among various other service providers of Fintech for gaining a competitive edge over the traditional channels offinance (Finkle 2016). The future exchange and the infrastructure of the market are seen to be controlled by the various types of the operations which are related to support and foster the future growth in the financial markets. The main implementations of the Fintech has been mainly identified in form of the using open service architecture such as application programming interfaces (APIs), beside using the general business model (Mackenzie 2015). The technological innovations have been further seen to be sourced from the structural changes in the recent years. This has been seen to be directly influencing the regulatory, capital, and business model associated to the financial ecosystem. The capital market structure has been seen to be influenced by the capital market FinTech structures. These components has been seen to be directly related to the core market infrastructure, AI Analytics, alternative funding platforms, investment technology and post trade digitization (Philippe Gelis 2016). The important features from the core market infrastructure have been identified in terms of the technology promoting the decentralization and reduction of the physical assets. The post trade digitization in the exchange operations has been further seen in terms of creation of robust operations, which is in compliance with the management, post trade technology and post trade technology (Arner, Barberis and Buckley 2015). The third important feature of the Fintech in the market operators and the exchange system has been seen with the implementation of the artificial intelligence and analytics. In big organizations, the data needs to be handled in multiple sets, which needs to be done precisely with the advancements made in the artificial technology. Whenever we think of the currency, market and financial service trends, the block chain technology has been seen to play a major role in terms of the streamlining the overall process. This technology in the exchange operations in the recent times has been seen with the significant implementation in the Bitcoin and other crypto currencies thereby increasing the efficiency of the overall exchange process (Philippe Gelis ceo of kantox 2016). However, it needs to be noted that there has been some of the challenges which are seen to be associated to the implementation of this technology. It has been seen that in many situations the Bitcoin service is used by the hackers and the ransom ware for succeeding in incognito transactions. This has been further seen to influence major number of people who are seen to be associated to the various types of cyber crime activities. These activities have been further seen to influence a large number of people making encrypted transactions over the internet. In order to curb the various types of the illegal activities which taking place through Bitcoin transactions, the cyber crime law enforcement agencies are seen to be taking an active role for the tracking such illegal activities in the internet (Hung and Luo 2016). The next important action in the exchange operations in the companies has been seen in terms of implementing the Fintech in market operator for changing the dynamics of the asset management business. This has been seen to create more demand in terms of the various types of the activities which are seen to be associated to the offering investment managers of all sizes tools for monitoring markets and allowing better decisions based on robust data analysis (Gimpel, Rau and Rglinger 2016). Some of the various types of the other advantages of this platform have been seen in terms of reshaping of the traditional channel of the business has been seen to influence capital market operation in terms of the equity and the debt capital operations. A similar innovation of the technology has been further seen to benefit the various types of the operations which are seen to be related to the alternative funding measures associated to provide the capital and the liquidity for the corporate (Entrepreneur 2015). In Europe the consumers has been seen with the reliance on the technological advantages which are seen in European countries. The alternative funding platform has been seen to benefit the investors who are looking for higher yield opportunities from the exchange markets. The use of the Fintech has been further seen to influence the transformation process which is seen to be related to achieving of pioneering business model which in the proximity to the end customers and use of innovative technology. The FinTech firms has been further seen to influence the firms for a new capital market model which is based on a more collaborative approach associated to the capital provision, technology, work flow process and overall connectivity in the exchange operation in the market (Treleaven 2015). The main form of the business model has been seen to be applicable in form of the incumbent market centres. This has been seen with scale, infrastructure and expertise. The scale of operations has been seen with access to capital, distribution and trusted intermediary. The infrastructure has been seen to be implemented with existing connectivity, access to the data and the technology. The Fintech implementation process for the market operations and the exchange has been seen to be based on the specific features which are seen to be associated to the business model and technology. The business model has been seen to be identified in form of the application innovative process in the transactions based on the FinTech applications (Accenture 2015). The business model has been further seen to make use of the new model for the access of data. The technological aspect of has been seen to be based on the application of the alternative model for the technology and inclination for lean cloud a s a service offering (McAuley 2015). The core market infrastructure has been seen to be based on the various types of the features which are based on the implementation of the investment technology based on the digitization and the alternative platform for funding. The various types of the platforms of the study has been seen to be based on the types of the considerations made in form of the alternative funding platforms for supporting the necessary exchange operations. These platforms have been seen to be operating with the use of the alternative models such as capital formation across the capital structure related large organizations (Davies, Kashyap and Ruetschi 2016). The present barriers in the adoption of the block chain system in the exchange system have been seen to be implemented based on the technology which is not mature enough to replace the present production system related to the financial services. The technology is further seen to be lacking the scalability and the potential to the conflict which exists in terms of the transparency and the confidentiality of the information (Haddad and Hornuf 2016). Conclusion Despite of the various types of the barriers which exists in the capital flow system based on the application of the FinTech. The report has been effective to identify the several types of the potential of the application of the technology associated to the lending, financial planning and investments in the market operators and the exchange service. The main form of the challenges of the implementation of this technology has been further seen to be based on the technology which is not mature enough to replace the present production system related to the financial services. The technology is further seen to be lacking the scalability and the potential to the conflict which exists in terms of the transparency and the confidentiality of the information. The advantages of the system in the marketing operators and the exchange services have been seen with seamless operations and the easy transactions across global scale. These components has been seen to be directly related to the core ma rket infrastructure, AI Analytics, alternative funding platforms, investment technology and post trade digitization. References Accenture (2015) The Future of Fintech and Banking, Accenture, pp. 112. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-51415-4. Arner, D. W., Barberis, J. and Buckley, B. P. (2015) The Evolution of Fintech: A New Post-Crisis Paradigm?, University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law Research Paper, 2015/047, pp. 16891699. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004. Davies, S., Kashyap, M. and Ruetschi, J. (2016) Meeting the Fintech Challenge, Strategy+Business. Available at: https://www.strategy-business.com/article/Meeting-the-Fintech-Challenge. Entrepreneur (2015) Fintech., Entrepreneur Mexico, p. 22. Available at: https://ezproxy.eafit.edu.co/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=fuaAN=114789836lang=essite=eds-livescope=site. Finkle, V. (2016) Fintech, SAGE Business Researcher. doi: 10.1177/237455680218.n1. Gimpel, H., Rau, D. and Rglinger, M. (2016) FinTech-Geschftsmodelle im Visier, Wirtschaftsinformatik Management, (3), pp. 3847. doi: 10.1007/s35764-016-0057-z. Haddad, C. and Hornuf, L. (2016) The Emergence of the Global Fintech Market?: Economic and Technological Determinants, Available at SSRN 2830124, pp. 137. doi: 10.1007/s10273-011-1262-2. Hung, J.-L. and Luo, B. (2016) FinTech in Taiwan: a case study of a Banks strategic planning for an investment in a FinTech company, Financial Innovation, 2(1), p. 15. doi: 10.1186/s40854-016-0037-6. Lee, D. K. C. and Teo, E. G. S. (2015) Emergence of Fintech and the Lasic Principles, SSRN Electronic Journal. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2668049. Mackenzie, A. (2015) THE FINTECH REVOLUTION, London Business School Review, 26(3), pp. 5053. doi: 10.1111/2057-1615.12059. McAuley, D. (2015) What is FinTech?, Wharton. Available at: https://www.whartonfintech.org/blog/what-is-fintech/. Philippe Gelis (2016) Fintech, The Rise of Fintech in Finance. Available at: https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/310641/file-1445626583-pdf/Rise_of_Fintech_in_Finance/Fintech_DEF.pdf. Philippe Gelis ceo of kantox (2016) Fintech, The Rise of Fintech in Finance, 7(24), pp. 411. Philippon, T. (2016) THE FINTECH OPPORTUNITY, NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004. Treleaven, P. (2015) Fionancial Regulation in FinTech, Journal of Financial Perspectives, 3(Winter), pp. 114121.